@Article{LürlingKMONMHWM:2020:CoPrCy,
               author = "L{\"u}rling, Miquel and Kanga, Li and Muccia, Ma{\'{\i}}ra 
                         Muccia and Oosterhouta, Frank van and Noymac, Natalia Pessoa and 
                         Miranda, Marcela Aparecida Campos Neves and Huszar, Vera L. M. and 
                         Waajen, Guido and Marinho, Marcelo Manzi",
          affiliation = "{Wageningen University} and {Wageningen University} and 
                         {Wageningen University} and {Wageningen University} and 
                         {Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Museu Nacional} and 
                         {Water Authority Brabantse Delta} and {Universidade do Estado do 
                         Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)}",
                title = "Coagulation and precipitation of cyanobacterial blooms",
              journal = "Ecological Engineering",
                 year = "2020",
               volume = "158",
                pages = "e106032",
                month = "Dec.",
             keywords = "Geo-engineering, Lake restoration, Managing cyanobacterial 
                         nuisance, P control, Phoslock, Alum.",
             abstract = "Eutrophication is the prime water quality issue in inland waters. 
                         Eutrophication and its key symptom, harmful cyanobacterial blooms, 
                         is expected to further increase in the future, which highlights 
                         the importance of managing the issue. The reduction of external 
                         nutrient load is crucial but might not bring fast relief to 
                         eutrophic waters due to ongoing diffuse pollution and legacy 
                         nutrients in the sediment. In this context, in-lake measures are 
                         needed to speed-up recovery. In this review, we discuss different 
                         in-lake measures based on coagulation and precipitation of 
                         cyanobacteria and/or phosphate for different lake categories 
                         (e.g., shallow or deep, mainly external or internal nutrient load, 
                         occurrence of perennial or summer blooms). In deep lakes with an 
                         external nutrient load higher than the internal load, a Floc and 
                         Sink method could be used in which a coagulant (e.g. aluminium 
                         salts, Al-salts; chitosan) combined with a ballast (e.g. soil, 
                         clay) removes a cyanobacterial bloom out of the water column. In 
                         case the deep lake suffers from high internal load, a phosphate 
                         (P)-fixative (e.g. lanthanum modified bentonite or Al-salts) can 
                         be used to Lock the legacy P, possibly combined with a coagulant a 
                         Floc and Lock technique. The latter approach will target both the 
                         particulate P in a bloom and the internal P load. A shallow lake 
                         that suffers from summer blooms and in which the internal load is 
                         higher than the external load, a Lock strategy of winter 
                         application of a P-fixative is proposed to prevent bloom 
                         development. In shallow lakes with perennial blooms, an agent to 
                         damage the cells (such as H2O2) is required together with a 
                         coagulant and a ballast to avoid recolonization of the water 
                         column due to resuspension a Kill, Floc and Sink/ Lock method. The 
                         selection of the most promising in-lake measures and materials 
                         should be based on a proper system diagnosis and tests prior to a 
                         full-scale intervention. These methods can be effective, but 
                         evidently reduction of external nutrient loads, both from point- 
                         and non-pointed sources, is an absolute necessity to restore 
                         aquatic ecosystems in a holistic sense.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106032",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106032",
                 issn = "0925-8574",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "lurling_coagulation.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "10 maio 2024"
}